One such candidate gene, noggin, is sufficient for rescuing development of irradiated embryos when its mRNA is injected (C). ![]() Establishment of cDNA libraries from extracted dorsal lip mRNA identified candidate genes that may be responsible for neural induction. Injection of extracted mRNA from the dorsal lip into irradiated Xenopus embryos rescued neural induction and overall development demonstrating there is a genetic basis of neural induction (B). Figure 1: Mangold's dorsal lip transplant experiment in Xenopus demonstrated that a transplanted dorsal lip could induce the formation of a double axis in the new host embryo, solidifying the dorsal lip's sufficiency in neural induction (A). It is particularly important for its role in neural induction through the default model, where signaling from the dorsal lip protects a region of the epiblast from becoming epidermis, thus allowing it to develop to its default neural tissue. The dorsal lip is formed during early gastrulation as folding of tissue along the involuting marginal zone of the blastocoel forms an opening known as the blastopore. The dorsal lip of the blastopore is a structure that forms during early embryonic development and is important for its role in organizing the germ layers. The final result was two embryos joined at the gut (7), which was the proof that the transplanted cells were inducing host cells to migrate and adopt specific cell fates (6). ![]() Some days after the transplantation, she observed the entire neural tube and brain formation. But after two years of experiments and perseverance, Hilde Mangold successfully achieved the experiment. ![]() In 1920, antibiotics did not yet exist and most of the embryos showed deadly bacterial infections, which made it difficult to get conclusive results on the experiments (4). Hilde first did her manipulations with newt embryos and after she confirmed her hypothesis with Xenopus laevis (3,4,6). The goal of the experiment was to induce the development of a second body axis on the host organism (6). Hilde transplanted the dorsal blastopore lip, a structure that forms during early embryonic development, into the belly region of a host embryo from another species (3). However, and unluckily, Hilde’s life was rather short, as in September 1924, when she was 25, she died after being severely burned while she was filling the cooker with alcohol.įor her thesis work, Hilde worked with amphibian embryos. In 1921, Hilde Proeschold became Mangold by marrying Otto Mangold (1,3) and together they had a son, Christian, born in December 1923 (3). Figure 1: Hilde Mangold with her son, Christian (5) This work introduced the term “organizer” (4) which was a revolution in the understanding of embryology (1). ![]() After one year, she was accepted for a PhD position under Spemann’s supervision (3) and a fter a failed PhD topic, Hilde changed the topic of her thesis to do experiments with transplants on newt embryos. In Frankfurt, Hilde heard a guest lecture by Hans Spemann, a well-known german embryologist, and it was at this point that she decided to move to Freiburg, where Spemann had just been called to the chair of zoology. At the end of 1919, she moved to Frankfurt where she mainly studied zoology (3). However, only after 6 months, she decided to enroll her university studies in chemistry at the University of Jena (1,3). She was then placed in a school to learn domestic chores and how to respect social codes. At the age of 16, she entered the Gymnasium Ernestinum where she was one of the only girls. Hilde Mangold, previously Proeschold, was born on 20 October 1898 in Gotha in Germany (1–3).
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